Estimating and Costing
The total length of a cranked bar through a distance (d) at 45° in case of a beam of effective length L, is

L + 0.42 d
L - (0.42 d)
L + (2 × 0.42 d)
L - (2 × 0.4 d)

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Estimating and Costing
The correct Prismoidal formula for volume is

D/3 [first area + last area + 4 Ʃ Even area + 2 Ʃ odd areas]
D [first area + last area + Ʃ Even area + 2 Ʃ odd areas]
D/3 [first area + last area + 2 Ʃ Even area + 4 Ʃ odd areas]
D/6 [first area + last area + 2 ∑ Even area + 4 ∑ odd areas]

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