Estimating and Costing
While estimating a reinforced cement structure, the omitted cover of concrete is assumed

In thin slabs, 12 mm minimum or diameter of the bar whichever is more
For reinforcing longitudinal bar in a beam 25 mm minimum or diameter of the largest bar which is more
All of these
At the end of reinforcing bar, not less than 25 mm or twice the diameter of the bar

ANSWER DOWNLOAD EXAMIANS APP

Estimating and Costing
The correct Prismoidal formula for volume is

D/3 [first area + last area + 4 Ʃ Even area + 2 Ʃ odd areas]
D/3 [first area + last area + 2 Ʃ Even area + 4 Ʃ odd areas]
D/6 [first area + last area + 2 ∑ Even area + 4 ∑ odd areas]
D [first area + last area + Ʃ Even area + 2 Ʃ odd areas]

ANSWER DOWNLOAD EXAMIANS APP

Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends
The end sections are parallel planes
The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied
All listed here

ANSWER DOWNLOAD EXAMIANS APP