Estimating and Costing
The area of a sloping surface of a protective embankment of mean height‘d’, side slopes S: 1 and length ‘L’ is

d × d × s
√[d² × (ds)²]
L.D √(1 + s²)
2 L.D √(1 + s²)

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Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

All listed here
The end sections are parallel planes
The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends
The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied

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Estimating and Costing
Pick up the correct statement in case of water supply.

Pipes are classified according to their sizes and quality
Cutting through walls and floors are included with the item
All of these
Pipes laid in trenches and pipes fixed to walls are measured separately

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