Estimating and Costing
The area of a sloping surface of a protective embankment of mean height‘d’, side slopes S: 1 and length ‘L’ is

√[d² × (ds)²]
L.D √(1 + s²)
2 L.D √(1 + s²)
d × d × s

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Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

All listed here
The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied
The end sections are parallel planes
The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends

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