Estimating and Costing
The area of a sloping surface of a protective embankment of mean height‘d’, side slopes S: 1 and length ‘L’ is

√[d² × (ds)²]
2 L.D √(1 + s²)
L.D √(1 + s²)
d × d × s

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Estimating and Costing
In the mid-section formula

The area of mid-sections is calculated by using mean depth
The volume of the earth work is calculated by multiplying the mid-section area by the distance between the two original sections
All of these
The mean depth is the average of depths of two consecutive sections

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