Estimating and Costing
The area of a sloping surface of a protective embankment of mean height‘d’, side slopes S: 1 and length ‘L’ is

L.D √(1 + s²)
√[d² × (ds)²]
2 L.D √(1 + s²)
d × d × s

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Estimating and Costing
The correct Prismoidal formula for volume is

D/6 [first area + last area + 2 ∑ Even area + 4 ∑ odd areas]
D/3 [first area + last area + 2 Ʃ Even area + 4 Ʃ odd areas]
D/3 [first area + last area + 4 Ʃ Even area + 2 Ʃ odd areas]
D [first area + last area + Ʃ Even area + 2 Ʃ odd areas]

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