Estimating and Costing
The area of a sloping surface of a protective embankment of mean height‘d’, side slopes S: 1 and length ‘L’ is

L.D √(1 + s²)
d × d × s
√[d² × (ds)²]
2 L.D √(1 + s²)

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Estimating and Costing
In the mid-section formula

The area of mid-sections is calculated by using mean depth
All of these
The mean depth is the average of depths of two consecutive sections
The volume of the earth work is calculated by multiplying the mid-section area by the distance between the two original sections

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Estimating and Costing
Pick up the correct statement regarding the centre line method of estimating a building

The centre line is worked out separately for different sections of walls of a building
All of these
The centre line length is reduced by half the layer of main wall joining the partition wall
Product of the centre line of the walls and area of cross-section of any item, gives total quantity of the item

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