Estimating and Costing
The area of a sloping surface of a protective embankment of mean height‘d’, side slopes S: 1 and length ‘L’ is

2 L.D √(1 + s²)
√[d² × (ds)²]
L.D √(1 + s²)
d × d × s

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Estimating and Costing
While estimating a reinforced cement structure, the omitted cover of concrete is assumed

All of these
In thin slabs, 12 mm minimum or diameter of the bar whichever is more
For reinforcing longitudinal bar in a beam 25 mm minimum or diameter of the largest bar which is more
At the end of reinforcing bar, not less than 25 mm or twice the diameter of the bar

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Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

All listed here
The end sections are parallel planes
The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied
The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends

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