Estimating and Costing
The cross-sections for a highway is taken at

Intermediate points having abrupt change in gradient
Right angle to the centre line
All of these
30 meters apart

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Estimating and Costing
The correct Prismoidal formula for volume is

D/3 [first area + last area + 2 Ʃ Even area + 4 Ʃ odd areas]
D/6 [first area + last area + 2 ∑ Even area + 4 ∑ odd areas]
D/3 [first area + last area + 4 Ʃ Even area + 2 Ʃ odd areas]
D [first area + last area + Ʃ Even area + 2 Ʃ odd areas]

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