Estimating and Costing
The following item of earth work is not measured separately.

Steps in deep excavation
All listed here
Site clearance
Setting out of works

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Estimating and Costing
In the mid-section formula

The area of mid-sections is calculated by using mean depth
The volume of the earth work is calculated by multiplying the mid-section area by the distance between the two original sections
The mean depth is the average of depths of two consecutive sections
All of these

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