Estimating and Costing
The following item of earth work is not measured separately.

Site clearance
Setting out of works
Steps in deep excavation
All listed here

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Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends
The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied
All listed here
The end sections are parallel planes

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