Estimating and Costing
The following item of earth work is not measured separately.

Site clearance
All listed here
Steps in deep excavation
Setting out of works

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Estimating and Costing
While estimating a reinforced cement structure, the omitted cover of concrete is assumed

In thin slabs, 12 mm minimum or diameter of the bar whichever is more
For reinforcing longitudinal bar in a beam 25 mm minimum or diameter of the largest bar which is more
All of these
At the end of reinforcing bar, not less than 25 mm or twice the diameter of the bar

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