Estimating and Costing
While estimating a reinforced cement structure, the omitted cover of concrete is assumed

For reinforcing longitudinal bar in a beam 25 mm minimum or diameter of the largest bar which is more
At the end of reinforcing bar, not less than 25 mm or twice the diameter of the bar
In thin slabs, 12 mm minimum or diameter of the bar whichever is more
All of these

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Estimating and Costing
The correct Prismoidal formula for volume is

D/6 [first area + last area + 2 ∑ Even area + 4 ∑ odd areas]
D/3 [first area + last area + 4 Ʃ Even area + 2 Ʃ odd areas]
D [first area + last area + Ʃ Even area + 2 Ʃ odd areas]
D/3 [first area + last area + 2 Ʃ Even area + 4 Ʃ odd areas]

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