Estimating and Costing
The rate of payment is made for 100 cu m (per % cu m) in case of

Earth work in excavation
All of these
Excavation in trenches for foundation
Rock cutting

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Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied
The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends
All listed here
The end sections are parallel planes

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