Estimating and Costing
The excavation exceeding 1.5 m in width and 10 sq.m in plan area with a depth not exceeding 30 cm, is termed as

Cutting
Excavation
Surface dressing
Surface excavation

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Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

The end sections are parallel planes
All listed here
The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied
The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends

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Estimating and Costing
While estimating a reinforced cement structure, the omitted cover of concrete is assumed

All of these
In thin slabs, 12 mm minimum or diameter of the bar whichever is more
For reinforcing longitudinal bar in a beam 25 mm minimum or diameter of the largest bar which is more
At the end of reinforcing bar, not less than 25 mm or twice the diameter of the bar

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