Estimating and Costing
The excavation exceeding 1.5 m in width and 10 sq.m in plan area with a depth not exceeding 30 cm, is termed as

Surface dressing
Surface excavation
Excavation
Cutting

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Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied
The end sections are parallel planes
All listed here
The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends

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