Estimating and Costing
The excavation exceeding 1.5 m in width and 10 sq.m in plan area with a depth not exceeding 30 cm, is termed as

Surface dressing
Surface excavation
Excavation
Cutting

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Estimating and Costing
While estimating a reinforced cement structure, the omitted cover of concrete is assumed

For reinforcing longitudinal bar in a beam 25 mm minimum or diameter of the largest bar which is more
All of these
At the end of reinforcing bar, not less than 25 mm or twice the diameter of the bar
In thin slabs, 12 mm minimum or diameter of the bar whichever is more

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