Vinegar and Citric Acid
In submerged process for the fermentation to produce citric acid,

A. niger floats on the surface of solution
A. niger is used with solid substrate as sweet potato
both (a) and (b)
Fungal mycelium grows through out the solution in a deep tank

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Vinegar and Citric Acid
Vinegar is typically produced in fed batch reactors because

a fed batch reactor can be used to maintain low acetic acid concentrations
a fed batch reactor can be used to maintain low ethanol concentrations
All of these
acetic acid bacteria tend to ferment at high ethanol concentrations

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