Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In reaction turbine, draft tube is used

For safety of turbine
To transport water downstream without eddies
To convert the kinetic energy to flow energy by a gradual expansion of the flow cross-section
To increase flow rate

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Surface tension

Is also known as capillarity
Acts in the plane of the interface normal to any line in the surface
Decreases with fall in temperature
Is a function of the curvature of the interface

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a channel of trapezoidal section is maximum when

The sloping side is equal to the width at the bottom
The sloping side is equal to half the width at the top
Depth of channel is equal to the width at the bottom
Width of channel at the top is equal to twice the width at the bottom

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