Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In reaction turbine, draft tube is used

To transport water downstream without eddies
To convert the kinetic energy to flow energy by a gradual expansion of the flow cross-section
To increase flow rate
For safety of turbine

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In open channels, the specific energy is the

Total energy per unit discharge
Total energy measured above the horizontal datum
Total energy measured with respect to the datum passing through the bottom of the channel
Kinetic energy plotted above the free surface of water

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Slip of a reciprocating pump is defined as the

Sum of actual discharge and the theoretical discharge
Product of theoretical discharge and the actual discharge
Ratio of actual discharge to the theoretical discharge
Difference of theoretical discharge and the actual discharge

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The depth of centre of pressure (h) for a vertically immersed surface from the liquid surface is given by (where IG = Moment of inertia of the immersed surface about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity, A = Area of immersed surface, and x = Depth of centre of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid surface)

(IG/Ax̅) - x̅
(IG/Ax̅) + x̅
(IG/x̅) - Ax̅
(Ax̅/IG) + x̅

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