Vinegar and Citric Acid
In koji process for the fermentation to produce citric acid,

Fungal mycelium grows through out the solution in a deep tank
A. niger is used with solid substrate as sweet potato
both (a) and (b)
A. niger floats on the surface of solution

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Vinegar and Citric Acid
Vinegar is typically produced in fed batch reactors because

a fed batch reactor can be used to maintain low acetic acid concentrations
All of these
a fed batch reactor can be used to maintain low ethanol concentrations
acetic acid bacteria tend to ferment at high ethanol concentrations

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