Estimating and Costing
For the construction of buildings, the subheads of the estimate are

All of these
Brickwork Flooring, Wood work, Steel work
Earthwork, Concrete work, Brick work
Brickwork, Stone work, Roofing

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Estimating and Costing
While estimating a reinforced cement structure, the omitted cover of concrete is assumed

For reinforcing longitudinal bar in a beam 25 mm minimum or diameter of the largest bar which is more
In thin slabs, 12 mm minimum or diameter of the bar whichever is more
At the end of reinforcing bar, not less than 25 mm or twice the diameter of the bar
All of these

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Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied
The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends
All listed here
The end sections are parallel planes

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