Estimating and Costing
Berms are provided in canals if these are

Fully in embankment
Fully in excavation
Partly in excavation and partly in embankment
All of these

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Estimating and Costing
In the mid-section formula

The volume of the earth work is calculated by multiplying the mid-section area by the distance between the two original sections
The area of mid-sections is calculated by using mean depth
All of these
The mean depth is the average of depths of two consecutive sections

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Estimating and Costing
The assumption on which the trapezoidal formula for volumes is based, is

The mid-area of a pyramid is half the average area of the ends
The end sections are parallel planes
The volume of the Prismoidal is over-estimated and hence a Prismoidal correction is applied
All listed here

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