Estimating and Costing
Berms are provided in canals if these are

Partly in excavation and partly in embankment
Fully in excavation
All of these
Fully in embankment

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Estimating and Costing
In the mid-section formula

The mean depth is the average of depths of two consecutive sections
All of these
The volume of the earth work is calculated by multiplying the mid-section area by the distance between the two original sections
The area of mid-sections is calculated by using mean depth

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