Cell Signalling and Transduction
Which of the following processes involve the combining of a message from one signaling molecule with that of another to either enhance or inhibit a cellular effect?

Signal transduction
Signal amplification
Signal integration
Signal reception

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Why is it that inhaling nitric oxide reduces blood pressure only in the lung tissue and not elsewhere in the body*?

Because nitric oxide breaks down quickly and thus cannot travel far
Because nitric oxide cannot cross cell membranes and enter the blood
None of these
Because other body tissues use a different signaling molecule

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
never enter the blood of humans
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
mimics the action of signal receptors
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
cell specialization and communication between cells
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes

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