Cell Signalling and Transduction
In paracrine signaling, the signaling molecules affects only

target cells close to the cell from which it was secreted
both (a) and (b)
target cells distant from its site of synthesis in cells of an endocrine organ
None of these

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
never enter the blood of humans
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Which of the following is true about a hydrophilic signaling molecule?

Its receptor is located in the cytosol of the target cell
Since it can enter the cell, it directly affects some specific cell process
It might trigger a signal cascade that causes some effect in a cell
It is a steroid

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived

decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger

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