Cell Signalling and Transduction
The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived

increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Cell signaling can be classified into

three distinct types based on the signaling molecules
None of these
three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
two distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively
ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
None of these

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
never enter the blood of humans
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane

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