Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

never enter the blood of humans
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

is broken down into hormones that affect the heart
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
mimics the action of signal receptors

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Self-phosphorylation is an excellent mechanism for triggering specific catalytic function of the proteins involved in signal cascades because it

None of these
changes the shape and thus the enzymatic activity of the proteins involved
allows hydrophilic signaling molecules to cross the plasma membrane
makes the receptor more likely to capture the signaling, molecule

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