Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
never enter the blood of humans
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
A signal cascade induced by adrenaline or thyroxine

must begin with receipt of the signal molecule by a surface receptor
results in the activation of a sequence of enzymes needed for the cell effect
involves the activation of a G protein
All of these

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

mimics the action of signal receptors
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
If a disease of the blood vessels caused the endothelial cells of the vessel to die, what effect would that have on the cellular activities associated with vasodilation?

Nitric oxide would no longer be produced
All of these
Smooth muscle cells could not be made to relax
It would be more difficult to increase blood flow and reduce blood pressure

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