Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

never enter the blood of humans
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
cell specialization and communication between cells
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
When a __________ reaches its __________ , there is a specific means of receiving it and acting on the message. This task is the responsibility of specialized proteins called __________ .

signaling molecule; target cell; G proteins
signaling molecule; target cell; receptors
kinase; receptor; proteases
signaling molecule; receptor; G proteins

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In terms of cell communication, what do bacterial pathogens such as cholera and anthrax have in common?

They prevent the production of key signaling molecules
They alter the chemical structure of key signaling molecules
They destroy the receptors for key signaling molecules
They block the normal functioning of signal transduction mechanisms

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