Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

never enter the blood of humans
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Self-phosphorylation is an excellent mechanism for triggering specific catalytic function of the proteins involved in signal cascades because it

makes the receptor more likely to capture the signaling, molecule
allows hydrophilic signaling molecules to cross the plasma membrane
changes the shape and thus the enzymatic activity of the proteins involved
None of these

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
A signal cascade induced by adrenaline or thyroxine

All of these
involves the activation of a G protein
results in the activation of a sequence of enzymes needed for the cell effect
must begin with receipt of the signal molecule by a surface receptor

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Cell signaling can be classified into

three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
two distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
None of these
three distinct types based on the signaling molecules

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
None of these
GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively

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