Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

never enter the blood of humans
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
mimics the action of signal receptors
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Which of the following is true about a hydrophilic signaling molecule?

Its receptor is located in the cytosol of the target cell
It might trigger a signal cascade that causes some effect in a cell
It is a steroid
Since it can enter the cell, it directly affects some specific cell process

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
cell specialization and communication between cells
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
A cell is known to respond to a particular signaling molecule. Which of the following must be true of this cell?

It is incapable of signal transduction
It contains the receptor for the signaling molecule
It is also the site of production for the signaling molecule
It is in the heart muscle

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