Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
never enter the blood of humans
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In the signal transduction mechanism known as protein phosphorylation

the signaling molecule binds to a surface receptor
phosphorylated proteins act with enzymes to trigger the signal cascade
All of these
receptor kinases play a key role in triggering the signal cascade

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Self-phosphorylation is an excellent mechanism for triggering specific catalytic function of the proteins involved in signal cascades because it

makes the receptor more likely to capture the signaling, molecule
None of these
allows hydrophilic signaling molecules to cross the plasma membrane
changes the shape and thus the enzymatic activity of the proteins involved

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
cell specialization and communication between cells

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Cell signaling can be classified into

None of these
three distinct types based on the signaling molecules
two distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act

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