Cell Signalling and Transduction
A signal cascade induced by adrenaline or thyroxine

results in the activation of a sequence of enzymes needed for the cell effect
All of these
must begin with receipt of the signal molecule by a surface receptor
involves the activation of a G protein

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
cell specialization and communication between cells
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
never enter the blood of humans

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