Cell Signalling and Transduction
Which of the following is true about a hydrophilic signaling molecule?

Since it can enter the cell, it directly affects some specific cell process
It might trigger a signal cascade that causes some effect in a cell
Its receptor is located in the cytosol of the target cell
It is a steroid

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart
mimics the action of signal receptors
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

cell specialization and communication between cells
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Self-phosphorylation is an excellent mechanism for triggering specific catalytic function of the proteins involved in signal cascades because it

changes the shape and thus the enzymatic activity of the proteins involved
allows hydrophilic signaling molecules to cross the plasma membrane
None of these
makes the receptor more likely to capture the signaling, molecule

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