Cell Signalling and Transduction
Which of the following is true about a hydrophilic signaling molecule?

It might trigger a signal cascade that causes some effect in a cell
It is a steroid
Its receptor is located in the cytosol of the target cell
Since it can enter the cell, it directly affects some specific cell process

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In the signal transduction mechanism known as protein phosphorylation

All of these
the signaling molecule binds to a surface receptor
phosphorylated proteins act with enzymes to trigger the signal cascade
receptor kinases play a key role in triggering the signal cascade

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
A signal cascade induced by adrenaline or thyroxine

results in the activation of a sequence of enzymes needed for the cell effect
All of these
must begin with receipt of the signal molecule by a surface receptor
involves the activation of a G protein

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively
None of these
GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively

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