Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
mimics the action of signal receptors
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

cell specialization and communication between cells
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
never enter the blood of humans
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane

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