Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively
None of these
GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Cell signaling can be classified into

three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
three distinct types based on the signaling molecules
None of these
two distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In terms of cell communication, what do bacterial pathogens such as cholera and anthrax have in common?

They destroy the receptors for key signaling molecules
They prevent the production of key signaling molecules
They alter the chemical structure of key signaling molecules
They block the normal functioning of signal transduction mechanisms

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