Cell Signalling and Transduction
The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived

increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
never enter the blood of humans
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Which of the following is true about a hydrophilic signaling molecule?

It is a steroid
Its receptor is located in the cytosol of the target cell
Since it can enter the cell, it directly affects some specific cell process
It might trigger a signal cascade that causes some effect in a cell

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Why is it that inhaling nitric oxide reduces blood pressure only in the lung tissue and not elsewhere in the body*?

Because other body tissues use a different signaling molecule
Because nitric oxide breaks down quickly and thus cannot travel far
None of these
Because nitric oxide cannot cross cell membranes and enter the blood

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