Cell Signalling and Transduction
The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived

increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

never enter the blood of humans
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Cell signaling can be classified into

two distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
three distinct types based on the signaling molecules
None of these
three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
cell specialization and communication between cells
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
When a __________ reaches its __________ , there is a specific means of receiving it and acting on the message. This task is the responsibility of specialized proteins called __________ .

signaling molecule; receptor; G proteins
signaling molecule; target cell; G proteins
kinase; receptor; proteases
signaling molecule; target cell; receptors

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