Cell Signalling and Transduction
The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived

increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Cell signaling can be classified into

three distinct types based on the signaling molecules
three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
None of these
two distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
A signal cascade induced by adrenaline or thyroxine

All of these
involves the activation of a G protein
must begin with receipt of the signal molecule by a surface receptor
results in the activation of a sequence of enzymes needed for the cell effect

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

mimics the action of signal receptors
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

None of these
ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively
ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively

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