Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
cell specialization and communication between cells
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
never enter the blood of humans

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In the signal transduction mechanism known as protein phosphorylation

the signaling molecule binds to a surface receptor
phosphorylated proteins act with enzymes to trigger the signal cascade
All of these
receptor kinases play a key role in triggering the signal cascade

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Cell signaling can be classified into

None of these
two distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
three distinct types based on the signaling molecules

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