Cell Signalling and Transduction
In the signal transduction mechanism known as protein phosphorylation

phosphorylated proteins act with enzymes to trigger the signal cascade
the signaling molecule binds to a surface receptor
receptor kinases play a key role in triggering the signal cascade
All of these

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Self-phosphorylation is an excellent mechanism for triggering specific catalytic function of the proteins involved in signal cascades because it

None of these
changes the shape and thus the enzymatic activity of the proteins involved
allows hydrophilic signaling molecules to cross the plasma membrane
makes the receptor more likely to capture the signaling, molecule

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

cell specialization and communication between cells
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In terms of cell communication, what do bacterial pathogens such as cholera and anthrax have in common?

They destroy the receptors for key signaling molecules
They block the normal functioning of signal transduction mechanisms
They prevent the production of key signaling molecules
They alter the chemical structure of key signaling molecules

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