Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
never enter the blood of humans
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
None of these
ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived

increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
When a __________ reaches its __________ , there is a specific means of receiving it and acting on the message. This task is the responsibility of specialized proteins called __________ .

signaling molecule; receptor; G proteins
signaling molecule; target cell; G proteins
signaling molecule; target cell; receptors
kinase; receptor; proteases

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