Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
mimics the action of signal receptors
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

None of these
ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively
ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
cell specialization and communication between cells
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
A signal cascade induced by adrenaline or thyroxine

must begin with receipt of the signal molecule by a surface receptor
results in the activation of a sequence of enzymes needed for the cell effect
All of these
involves the activation of a G protein

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