Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

mimics the action of signal receptors
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
never enter the blood of humans

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
If a disease of the blood vessels caused the endothelial cells of the vessel to die, what effect would that have on the cellular activities associated with vasodilation?

Nitric oxide would no longer be produced
It would be more difficult to increase blood flow and reduce blood pressure
All of these
Smooth muscle cells could not be made to relax

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Which of the following is true about a hydrophilic signaling molecule?

Since it can enter the cell, it directly affects some specific cell process
It is a steroid
Its receptor is located in the cytosol of the target cell
It might trigger a signal cascade that causes some effect in a cell

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
A signal cascade induced by adrenaline or thyroxine

involves the activation of a G protein
must begin with receipt of the signal molecule by a surface receptor
All of these
results in the activation of a sequence of enzymes needed for the cell effect

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