Cell Signalling and Transduction
What is the name of the protein signaling molecule that alters glucose uptake, and where would its receptors be located?

Insulin; beta cells of the pancreas
PDGF; the blood
NGF; the nerves involved in simple reflexes
Insulin; many different cell types that use glucose for fuel

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

cell specialization and communication between cells
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In the signal transduction mechanism known as protein phosphorylation

All of these
the signaling molecule binds to a surface receptor
phosphorylated proteins act with enzymes to trigger the signal cascade
receptor kinases play a key role in triggering the signal cascade

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In terms of cell communication, what do bacterial pathogens such as cholera and anthrax have in common?

They destroy the receptors for key signaling molecules
They prevent the production of key signaling molecules
They alter the chemical structure of key signaling molecules
They block the normal functioning of signal transduction mechanisms

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived

decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger

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