Cell Signalling and Transduction
What is the name of the protein signaling molecule that alters glucose uptake, and where would its receptors be located?

NGF; the nerves involved in simple reflexes
Insulin; beta cells of the pancreas
Insulin; many different cell types that use glucose for fuel
PDGF; the blood

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Self-phosphorylation is an excellent mechanism for triggering specific catalytic function of the proteins involved in signal cascades because it

None of these
changes the shape and thus the enzymatic activity of the proteins involved
makes the receptor more likely to capture the signaling, molecule
allows hydrophilic signaling molecules to cross the plasma membrane

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Cell signaling can be classified into

None of these
three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
two distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
three distinct types based on the signaling molecules

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively
ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
None of these

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Why is it that inhaling nitric oxide reduces blood pressure only in the lung tissue and not elsewhere in the body*?

Because nitric oxide cannot cross cell membranes and enter the blood
Because other body tissues use a different signaling molecule
Because nitric oxide breaks down quickly and thus cannot travel far
None of these

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

mimics the action of signal receptors
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle

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