Cell Signalling and Transduction
What is the name of the protein signaling molecule that alters glucose uptake, and where would its receptors be located?

NGF; the nerves involved in simple reflexes
Insulin; beta cells of the pancreas
Insulin; many different cell types that use glucose for fuel
PDGF; the blood

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
If a disease of the blood vessels caused the endothelial cells of the vessel to die, what effect would that have on the cellular activities associated with vasodilation?

It would be more difficult to increase blood flow and reduce blood pressure
Smooth muscle cells could not be made to relax
All of these
Nitric oxide would no longer be produced

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
never enter the blood of humans
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In terms of cell communication, what do bacterial pathogens such as cholera and anthrax have in common?

They block the normal functioning of signal transduction mechanisms
They alter the chemical structure of key signaling molecules
They destroy the receptors for key signaling molecules
They prevent the production of key signaling molecules

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