Cell Signalling and Transduction
What is the name of the protein signaling molecule that alters glucose uptake, and where would its receptors be located?

NGF; the nerves involved in simple reflexes
Insulin; beta cells of the pancreas
Insulin; many different cell types that use glucose for fuel
PDGF; the blood

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Self-phosphorylation is an excellent mechanism for triggering specific catalytic function of the proteins involved in signal cascades because it

changes the shape and thus the enzymatic activity of the proteins involved
None of these
makes the receptor more likely to capture the signaling, molecule
allows hydrophilic signaling molecules to cross the plasma membrane

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
When a __________ reaches its __________ , there is a specific means of receiving it and acting on the message. This task is the responsibility of specialized proteins called __________ .

signaling molecule; target cell; receptors
kinase; receptor; proteases
signaling molecule; receptor; G proteins
signaling molecule; target cell; G proteins

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
None of these
ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively
GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In terms of cell communication, what do bacterial pathogens such as cholera and anthrax have in common?

They prevent the production of key signaling molecules
They alter the chemical structure of key signaling molecules
They destroy the receptors for key signaling molecules
They block the normal functioning of signal transduction mechanisms

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