Cell Signalling and Transduction
What is the name of the protein signaling molecule that alters glucose uptake, and where would its receptors be located?

PDGF; the blood
NGF; the nerves involved in simple reflexes
Insulin; many different cell types that use glucose for fuel
Insulin; beta cells of the pancreas

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Self-phosphorylation is an excellent mechanism for triggering specific catalytic function of the proteins involved in signal cascades because it

changes the shape and thus the enzymatic activity of the proteins involved
makes the receptor more likely to capture the signaling, molecule
None of these
allows hydrophilic signaling molecules to cross the plasma membrane

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
When a __________ reaches its __________ , there is a specific means of receiving it and acting on the message. This task is the responsibility of specialized proteins called __________ .

kinase; receptor; proteases
signaling molecule; target cell; G proteins
signaling molecule; target cell; receptors
signaling molecule; receptor; G proteins

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
A signal cascade induced by adrenaline or thyroxine

involves the activation of a G protein
must begin with receipt of the signal molecule by a surface receptor
results in the activation of a sequence of enzymes needed for the cell effect
All of these

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived

decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger

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