Cell Signalling and Transduction
What is the name of the protein signaling molecule that alters glucose uptake, and where would its receptors be located?

PDGF; the blood
Insulin; many different cell types that use glucose for fuel
NGF; the nerves involved in simple reflexes
Insulin; beta cells of the pancreas

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Which of the following is true about a hydrophilic signaling molecule?

Its receptor is located in the cytosol of the target cell
Since it can enter the cell, it directly affects some specific cell process
It might trigger a signal cascade that causes some effect in a cell
It is a steroid

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

mimics the action of signal receptors
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Self-phosphorylation is an excellent mechanism for triggering specific catalytic function of the proteins involved in signal cascades because it

None of these
makes the receptor more likely to capture the signaling, molecule
changes the shape and thus the enzymatic activity of the proteins involved
allows hydrophilic signaling molecules to cross the plasma membrane

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