Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

cell specialization and communication between cells
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
mimics the action of signal receptors
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
A signal cascade induced by adrenaline or thyroxine

results in the activation of a sequence of enzymes needed for the cell effect
All of these
involves the activation of a G protein
must begin with receipt of the signal molecule by a surface receptor

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
None of these
ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively
GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Which of the following is true about a hydrophilic signaling molecule?

It is a steroid
Its receptor is located in the cytosol of the target cell
It might trigger a signal cascade that causes some effect in a cell
Since it can enter the cell, it directly affects some specific cell process

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