Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
cell specialization and communication between cells

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

is broken down into hormones that affect the heart
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
mimics the action of signal receptors
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived

increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger

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