Cell Signalling and Transduction
When a __________ reaches its __________ , there is a specific means of receiving it and acting on the message. This task is the responsibility of specialized proteins called __________ .

signaling molecule; target cell; receptors
signaling molecule; target cell; G proteins
kinase; receptor; proteases
signaling molecule; receptor; G proteins

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
None of these
ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Cell signaling can be classified into

three distinct types based on the signaling molecules
None of these
three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
two distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
mimics the action of signal receptors
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes
cell specialization and communication between cells
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization

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