Cell Signalling and Transduction
When a __________ reaches its __________ , there is a specific means of receiving it and acting on the message. This task is the responsibility of specialized proteins called __________ .

signaling molecule; receptor; G proteins
signaling molecule; target cell; receptors
signaling molecule; target cell; G proteins
kinase; receptor; proteases

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes
cell specialization and communication between cells
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
never enter the blood of humans

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived

increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger

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