Cell Signalling and Transduction
When a __________ reaches its __________ , there is a specific means of receiving it and acting on the message. This task is the responsibility of specialized proteins called __________ .

signaling molecule; target cell; G proteins
signaling molecule; target cell; receptors
signaling molecule; receptor; G proteins
kinase; receptor; proteases

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
None of these
GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In terms of cell communication, what do bacterial pathogens such as cholera and anthrax have in common?

They block the normal functioning of signal transduction mechanisms
They prevent the production of key signaling molecules
They alter the chemical structure of key signaling molecules
They destroy the receptors for key signaling molecules

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
A signal cascade induced by adrenaline or thyroxine

must begin with receipt of the signal molecule by a surface receptor
results in the activation of a sequence of enzymes needed for the cell effect
All of these
involves the activation of a G protein

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Self-phosphorylation is an excellent mechanism for triggering specific catalytic function of the proteins involved in signal cascades because it

makes the receptor more likely to capture the signaling, molecule
None of these
changes the shape and thus the enzymatic activity of the proteins involved
allows hydrophilic signaling molecules to cross the plasma membrane

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