Cell Signalling and Transduction
When a __________ reaches its __________ , there is a specific means of receiving it and acting on the message. This task is the responsibility of specialized proteins called __________ .

signaling molecule; target cell; receptors
signaling molecule; target cell; G proteins
signaling molecule; receptor; G proteins
kinase; receptor; proteases

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Cell signaling can be classified into

three distinct types based on the signaling molecules
three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
None of these
two distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
If a disease of the blood vessels caused the endothelial cells of the vessel to die, what effect would that have on the cellular activities associated with vasodilation?

It would be more difficult to increase blood flow and reduce blood pressure
Smooth muscle cells could not be made to relax
All of these
Nitric oxide would no longer be produced

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

never enter the blood of humans
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
mimics the action of signal receptors
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart

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