Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
never enter the blood of humans

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Which of the following is true about a hydrophilic signaling molecule?

It is a steroid
Since it can enter the cell, it directly affects some specific cell process
Its receptor is located in the cytosol of the target cell
It might trigger a signal cascade that causes some effect in a cell

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart
mimics the action of signal receptors

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