Cell Signalling and Transduction
In terms of cell communication, what do bacterial pathogens such as cholera and anthrax have in common?

They prevent the production of key signaling molecules
They block the normal functioning of signal transduction mechanisms
They destroy the receptors for key signaling molecules
They alter the chemical structure of key signaling molecules

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In the signal transduction mechanism known as protein phosphorylation

the signaling molecule binds to a surface receptor
All of these
phosphorylated proteins act with enzymes to trigger the signal cascade
receptor kinases play a key role in triggering the signal cascade

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Which of the following is true about a hydrophilic signaling molecule?

It might trigger a signal cascade that causes some effect in a cell
Since it can enter the cell, it directly affects some specific cell process
Its receptor is located in the cytosol of the target cell
It is a steroid

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
mimics the action of signal receptors
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
never enter the blood of humans
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away

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