Cell Signalling and Transduction
In terms of cell communication, what do bacterial pathogens such as cholera and anthrax have in common?

They prevent the production of key signaling molecules
They alter the chemical structure of key signaling molecules
They block the normal functioning of signal transduction mechanisms
They destroy the receptors for key signaling molecules

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
When a __________ reaches its __________ , there is a specific means of receiving it and acting on the message. This task is the responsibility of specialized proteins called __________ .

signaling molecule; target cell; G proteins
kinase; receptor; proteases
signaling molecule; target cell; receptors
signaling molecule; receptor; G proteins

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In the signal transduction mechanism known as protein phosphorylation

All of these
receptor kinases play a key role in triggering the signal cascade
the signaling molecule binds to a surface receptor
phosphorylated proteins act with enzymes to trigger the signal cascade

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Cell signaling can be classified into

two distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
three distinct types based on the signaling molecules
None of these

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The signaling molecules called steroid hormones

never enter the blood of humans
bind to cell surface receptors to trigger chemical cascades
are hydrophilic and so cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
are made in one location of the body but have their effects some distance away

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