Microorganisms and Disease
Plastic implants can pose a serious nosocomial infection problem because

All of these
infected implants usually have to be surgically removed
phagocytes have trouble engulfing bacteria embedded in a biofilm
phagocytes have trouble moving on the plastic surface

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Microorganisms and Disease
Prontosil is

an effective antibacterial both in animals as well as in in-vitro cultures
not used as an antibacterial agent
an effective antibacterial when used in animals
an effective antibacterial when used in in-vitro cultures

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Microorganisms and Disease
Which of the following is common in the disease caused by Coryne-bacterium diphtheriae and Bacillus anthracis?

Diphtheria toxin and edema toxin are ADP ribosylating toxins
The most serious disease symptoms are the direct result of toxin action
Both organisms are gram-positive spore formers
Both organisms cause skin and respiratory tract infections

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Microorganisms and Disease
The "A" subunit of diphtheria toxin

binds host cell receptors found on heart cells
lysis macrophages with the release of cytokines
forms cAMP that leads to fluid accumulation
cause ADP ribosylation of a factor involved in protein synthesis

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Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine
activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines
survive within macrophages
survive the acid pH of the stomach

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