Microorganisms and Disease
Mucus helps in protecting against pathogens by

sequestering Iron
blocking access and attachment of pathogens to mucosal surfaces
facilitating the growth of normal flora
lowering the pH

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Microorganisms and Disease
Plastic implants can pose a serious nosocomial infection problem because

phagocytes have trouble engulfing bacteria embedded in a biofilm
All of these
infected implants usually have to be surgically removed
phagocytes have trouble moving on the plastic surface

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Microorganisms and Disease
The "A" subunit of diphtheria toxin

forms cAMP that leads to fluid accumulation
lysis macrophages with the release of cytokines
binds host cell receptors found on heart cells
cause ADP ribosylation of a factor involved in protein synthesis

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Microorganisms and Disease
Prontosil is

not used as an antibacterial agent
an effective antibacterial both in animals as well as in in-vitro cultures
an effective antibacterial when used in in-vitro cultures
an effective antibacterial when used in animals

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