Microorganisms and Disease
Prontosil is

an effective antibacterial when used in in-vitro cultures
not used as an antibacterial agent
an effective antibacterial when used in animals
an effective antibacterial both in animals as well as in in-vitro cultures

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Microorganisms and Disease
Plastic implants can pose a serious nosocomial infection problem because

phagocytes have trouble moving on the plastic surface
All of these
phagocytes have trouble engulfing bacteria embedded in a biofilm
infected implants usually have to be surgically removed

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Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine
survive within macrophages
survive the acid pH of the stomach
activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines

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Microorganisms and Disease
Which of the following characteristic of the Rotavirus was important for the construction of the Rotashield vaccine?

A limited number of capsule types
The possession of a segmented RNA genome
The ability of the Rotavirus to be transmitted faster
The ability of monkey Rotavirus strains to cause serious illness (diarrhea) in human beings

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Microorganisms and Disease
The influenza vaccine is administered each year because

the vaccine is sufficiently toxic to make it necessary to administer only a small amount at any one time
it is a polysaccharide vaccine that does not confer long-term protection
None of these
mutations in the viral hemagglutinin may allow the virus to evade the immune response elicited by previous vaccines

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