Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

survive the acid pH of the stomach
secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine
survive within macrophages
activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines

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Microorganisms and Disease
Prontosil is

not used as an antibacterial agent
an effective antibacterial when used in animals
an effective antibacterial when used in in-vitro cultures
an effective antibacterial both in animals as well as in in-vitro cultures

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Microorganisms and Disease
The "A" subunit of diphtheria toxin

forms cAMP that leads to fluid accumulation
cause ADP ribosylation of a factor involved in protein synthesis
lysis macrophages with the release of cytokines
binds host cell receptors found on heart cells

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Microorganisms and Disease
Plastic implants can pose a serious nosocomial infection problem because

phagocytes have trouble engulfing bacteria embedded in a biofilm
infected implants usually have to be surgically removed
phagocytes have trouble moving on the plastic surface
All of these

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