Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

survive the acid pH of the stomach
survive within macrophages
activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines
secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine

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Microorganisms and Disease
Which of the following is true regarding anthrax?

Inhalation Anthrax requires infection with a large number of spores
Anthrax is caused by a virus
Anthrax is highly contagious
Inhalation anthrax and cutaneous anthrax are caused by separate strains of Bacillus anthracis

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Microorganisms and Disease
The influenza vaccine is administered each year because

None of these
the vaccine is sufficiently toxic to make it necessary to administer only a small amount at any one time
mutations in the viral hemagglutinin may allow the virus to evade the immune response elicited by previous vaccines
it is a polysaccharide vaccine that does not confer long-term protection

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