Microorganisms and Disease
Pseudomembraneous colitis is

All of these
caused by a spore-forming bacterium
caused by a gram-positive bacterium
precipitated by the use of certain antibiotics

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Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines
survive the acid pH of the stomach
secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine
survive within macrophages

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Microorganisms and Disease
The "A" subunit of diphtheria toxin

cause ADP ribosylation of a factor involved in protein synthesis
binds host cell receptors found on heart cells
forms cAMP that leads to fluid accumulation
lysis macrophages with the release of cytokines

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