Microorganisms and Disease
Pseudomembraneous colitis is

All of these
caused by a gram-positive bacterium
precipitated by the use of certain antibiotics
caused by a spore-forming bacterium

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Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

survive within macrophages
survive the acid pH of the stomach
activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines
secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine

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Microorganisms and Disease
Which of the following is true regarding anthrax?

Anthrax is caused by a virus
Inhalation Anthrax requires infection with a large number of spores
Inhalation anthrax and cutaneous anthrax are caused by separate strains of Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax is highly contagious

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Microorganisms and Disease
Plastic implants can pose a serious nosocomial infection problem because

All of these
phagocytes have trouble moving on the plastic surface
infected implants usually have to be surgically removed
phagocytes have trouble engulfing bacteria embedded in a biofilm

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Microorganisms and Disease
The influenza vaccine is administered each year because

None of these
the vaccine is sufficiently toxic to make it necessary to administer only a small amount at any one time
it is a polysaccharide vaccine that does not confer long-term protection
mutations in the viral hemagglutinin may allow the virus to evade the immune response elicited by previous vaccines

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