Microorganisms and Disease
Pseudomembraneous colitis is

caused by a spore-forming bacterium
precipitated by the use of certain antibiotics
All of these
caused by a gram-positive bacterium

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Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

survive within macrophages
secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine
activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines
survive the acid pH of the stomach

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Microorganisms and Disease
What is common in catheters and ventilators?

They bypass important defenses of the body
They predispose patients to viral rather than bacterial infections
Bacteria responsible for associated infections are usually susceptible to antibiotics
They are used primarily in neonatal intensive care units

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Microorganisms and Disease
A major difference between EHEC and EPEC is

EPEC rearranges host cell actin and EHEC does not
EPEC passes through the placenta to infect the fetus and EHEC does not
EHEC secretes a Shiga-like toxin and EPEC does not
EHEC possesses a type III secretion system and EPEC does not

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