Microorganisms and Disease
The nature of the poliovirus gives for oral vaccination (satin vaccine) as part of the eradication programme is

formalin-inactivated viruses
heat killed virus
small dosage of wild-type live viruses
live attenuated strains of all three immunological types

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Microorganisms and Disease
Cholera toxin is an A-B type toxin in which the B portions bind to a receptor on a host cell and the A portion enters the cell to cause

ADP ribosylation of a G protein that locks it into an active form that stimulates adenylate cyclase to make cAMP
cleavage of rRNA that results in disruption of ribosome function
ADP ribosylation of guanylate cyclase that stimulates production of cGMP
ADP ribosylation of adenylate cyclase that stops production of cAMP

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Microorganisms and Disease
Plastic implants can pose a serious nosocomial infection problem because

phagocytes have trouble moving on the plastic surface
All of these
phagocytes have trouble engulfing bacteria embedded in a biofilm
infected implants usually have to be surgically removed

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