Microorganisms and Disease
The nature of the poliovirus gives for oral vaccination (satin vaccine) as part of the eradication programme is

heat killed virus
live attenuated strains of all three immunological types
formalin-inactivated viruses
small dosage of wild-type live viruses

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Microorganisms and Disease
The "A" subunit of diphtheria toxin

lysis macrophages with the release of cytokines
cause ADP ribosylation of a factor involved in protein synthesis
binds host cell receptors found on heart cells
forms cAMP that leads to fluid accumulation

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Microorganisms and Disease
What is common in catheters and ventilators?

They are used primarily in neonatal intensive care units
They predispose patients to viral rather than bacterial infections
Bacteria responsible for associated infections are usually susceptible to antibiotics
They bypass important defenses of the body

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Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

survive the acid pH of the stomach
survive within macrophages
activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines
secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine

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