Microorganisms and Disease
The nature of the poliovirus gives for oral vaccination (satin vaccine) as part of the eradication programme is

live attenuated strains of all three immunological types
heat killed virus
formalin-inactivated viruses
small dosage of wild-type live viruses

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Microorganisms and Disease
A major difference between EHEC and EPEC is

EHEC possesses a type III secretion system and EPEC does not
EHEC secretes a Shiga-like toxin and EPEC does not
EPEC passes through the placenta to infect the fetus and EHEC does not
EPEC rearranges host cell actin and EHEC does not

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Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

survive within macrophages
secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine
survive the acid pH of the stomach
activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines

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Microorganisms and Disease
Plastic implants can pose a serious nosocomial infection problem because

phagocytes have trouble moving on the plastic surface
All of these
infected implants usually have to be surgically removed
phagocytes have trouble engulfing bacteria embedded in a biofilm

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