Microorganisms and Disease
Lactoferrin helps to protect against pathogens by

sequestering Iron
blocking sebum production
facilitating the growth of normal flora
lowering the pH

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Microorganisms and Disease
Cholera toxin is an A-B type toxin in which the B portions bind to a receptor on a host cell and the A portion enters the cell to cause

ADP ribosylation of guanylate cyclase that stimulates production of cGMP
ADP ribosylation of a G protein that locks it into an active form that stimulates adenylate cyclase to make cAMP
cleavage of rRNA that results in disruption of ribosome function
ADP ribosylation of adenylate cyclase that stops production of cAMP

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Microorganisms and Disease
Plastic implants can pose a serious nosocomial infection problem because

phagocytes have trouble engulfing bacteria embedded in a biofilm
phagocytes have trouble moving on the plastic surface
All of these
infected implants usually have to be surgically removed

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Microorganisms and Disease
What is common in catheters and ventilators?

Bacteria responsible for associated infections are usually susceptible to antibiotics
They are used primarily in neonatal intensive care units
They predispose patients to viral rather than bacterial infections
They bypass important defenses of the body

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