Microorganisms and Disease
The influenza vaccine is administered each year because

None of these
mutations in the viral hemagglutinin may allow the virus to evade the immune response elicited by previous vaccines
it is a polysaccharide vaccine that does not confer long-term protection
the vaccine is sufficiently toxic to make it necessary to administer only a small amount at any one time

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Microorganisms and Disease
What is common in catheters and ventilators?

They predispose patients to viral rather than bacterial infections
They bypass important defenses of the body
They are used primarily in neonatal intensive care units
Bacteria responsible for associated infections are usually susceptible to antibiotics

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Microorganisms and Disease
A major difference between EHEC and EPEC is

EPEC rearranges host cell actin and EHEC does not
EHEC secretes a Shiga-like toxin and EPEC does not
EPEC passes through the placenta to infect the fetus and EHEC does not
EHEC possesses a type III secretion system and EPEC does not

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Microorganisms and Disease
Plastic implants can pose a serious nosocomial infection problem because

phagocytes have trouble moving on the plastic surface
infected implants usually have to be surgically removed
All of these
phagocytes have trouble engulfing bacteria embedded in a biofilm

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