Microorganisms and Disease
Both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptococcus pneumoniae

have polysaccharide capsules
are acquired by inhalation
stay in the lung and rarely, if ever, enter the bloodstream
have cell walls that contain a high content of mycolic acids

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Microorganisms and Disease
The influenza vaccine is administered each year because

it is a polysaccharide vaccine that does not confer long-term protection
mutations in the viral hemagglutinin may allow the virus to evade the immune response elicited by previous vaccines
None of these
the vaccine is sufficiently toxic to make it necessary to administer only a small amount at any one time

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Microorganisms and Disease
What is common in catheters and ventilators?

Bacteria responsible for associated infections are usually susceptible to antibiotics
They are used primarily in neonatal intensive care units
They bypass important defenses of the body
They predispose patients to viral rather than bacterial infections

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