Microorganisms and Disease
Both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptococcus pneumoniae

stay in the lung and rarely, if ever, enter the bloodstream
have cell walls that contain a high content of mycolic acids
have polysaccharide capsules
are acquired by inhalation

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Microorganisms and Disease
The influenza vaccine is administered each year because

the vaccine is sufficiently toxic to make it necessary to administer only a small amount at any one time
None of these
it is a polysaccharide vaccine that does not confer long-term protection
mutations in the viral hemagglutinin may allow the virus to evade the immune response elicited by previous vaccines

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Microorganisms and Disease
Cholera toxin is an A-B type toxin in which the B portions bind to a receptor on a host cell and the A portion enters the cell to cause

ADP ribosylation of guanylate cyclase that stimulates production of cGMP
ADP ribosylation of adenylate cyclase that stops production of cAMP
ADP ribosylation of a G protein that locks it into an active form that stimulates adenylate cyclase to make cAMP
cleavage of rRNA that results in disruption of ribosome function

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Microorganisms and Disease
What is common in catheters and ventilators?

They predispose patients to viral rather than bacterial infections
They bypass important defenses of the body
They are used primarily in neonatal intensive care units
Bacteria responsible for associated infections are usually susceptible to antibiotics

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Microorganisms and Disease
A major difference between EHEC and EPEC is

EHEC possesses a type III secretion system and EPEC does not
EHEC secretes a Shiga-like toxin and EPEC does not
EPEC rearranges host cell actin and EHEC does not
EPEC passes through the placenta to infect the fetus and EHEC does not

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