Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3
l₁ + l₂ + l₃
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴

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Theory of Machine
Oldham's coupling is the

Third inversion of slider crank chain
Third inversion of double slider crank chain
Second inversion of double slider crank chain
Second inversion of single slider crank chain

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Theory of Machine
In gears, interference takes place when

Gear teeth are undercut
Pitch of the gears is not same
The tip of a tooth of a mating gear digs into the portion between base and root circles
Gears do not move smoothly in the absence of lubrication

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