Theory of Machine
In a gear having involute teeth, the normal to the involute is a tangent to the

Base circle
Dedendum circle
Pitch circle
Addendum circle

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Theory of Machine
In the below figure, PC is the connecting rod and OC is the crank making an angle θ with the line of stroke PO and rotates with uniform angular velocity at ω rad/s. The Klien's acceleration diagram for determining the acceleration of the piston P is shown by quadrilateral CQNO, if N coincides with O, then

Acceleration and velocity of the piston P is zero
Acceleration of the piston P is maximum and its velocity is zero
Acceleration of the piston P is zero and its velocity is maximum
Acceleration and velocity of the piston P is maximum

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Theory of Machine
For an isochronous Hartnell governor (where r₁ and r₂ = Maximum and minimum radius of rotation of balls respectively, S₁ and S₂ = Maximum and minimum force exerted on the sleeve respectively, and M = Mass on the sleeve)

(m.g + S₁)/(m.g + S₂) = r₁/r₂
(m.g - S₁)/(m.g - S₂) = r₂/r₁
S₂/S₁ = r₁/r₂
S₁/S₂ = r₁/r₂

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