Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴
l₁ + l₂ + l₃
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

All of the listed here
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam

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