Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l₁ + l₂ + l₃
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

All of the listed here
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam

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Theory of Machine
Angle of action of cam is defined as the angle

Moved by the cam from beginning of ascent to the termination of descent
Moved by the cam from the instant the follower begins to rise, till it reaches its highest position
Of rotation of the cam for a definite displacement of the follower
Through which the cam rotates during the period in which the follower remains in the highest position

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