Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
All of the listed here

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Theory of Machine
Angle of ascent of cam is defined as the angle

Moved by the cam from the instant the follower begins to rise, till it reaches its highest position
Of rotation of the cam for a definite displacement of the follower
Through which the cam rotates during the period in which the follower remains in highest position
During which the follower returns to its initial position

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