Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3
l₁ + l₂ + l₃
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³

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Theory of Machine
When a mass of a critically damped single degree of freedom system is deflected from its equilibrium position and released, then it will

Oscillate with decreasing amplitude
Oscillate with increasing time period
Return to equilibrium position without oscillation
Oscillate with constant amplitude

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