Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
All of the listed here

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Theory of Machine
Crowning on pulleys helps

In decreasing the slip of the belt
In increasing velocity ratio
Increase belt and pulley life
For automatic adjustment of belt position so that belt runs centrally

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Theory of Machine
The magnitude of velocities of the points on a rigid link is

Directly proportional to the distance from the points to the instantaneous center and is perpendicular to the line joining the point to the instantaneous center
Directly proportional to the distance from the points to the instantaneous center and is parallel to the line joining the point to the instantaneous center
Inversely proportional to the distance from the points to the instantaneous center and is parallel to the line joining the point to the instantaneous center
Inversely proportional to the distance from the points to the instantaneous center and is perpendicular to the line joining the point to the instantaneous center

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