Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
All of the listed here

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Theory of Machine
Two pulleys of radii r₁ and r₂ and at distance x apart are connected by means of an open belt drive. The length of the belt is

π (r₁ + r₂) + (r₁ + r₂)²/x + 2x
π (r₁ + r₂) + (r₁ - r₂)²/x + 2x
π (r₁ - r₂) + (r₁ + r₂)²/x + 2x
π (r₁ - r₂) + (r₁ - r₂)²/x + 2x

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