Theory of Machine
The primary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)

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Theory of Machine
Hammer blow

Is the maximum horizontal unbalanced force caused by the mass provided to balance the reciprocating masses.
Varies inversely with the square of the speed
Is the maximum vertical unbalanced force caused by the mass added to balance the reciprocating masses
Varies as the square root of the speed

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Theory of Machine
The inversion of a mechanism is

Changing of a higher pair to a lower pair
Obtained by fixing different links in a kinematic chain
Obtained by reversing the input and output motion
Turning its upside down

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