Theory of Machine
The primary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)

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Theory of Machine
Lower pairs are those which have

Point or line contact between the two elements when in motion
Elements of pairs not held together mechanically
Two elements that permit relative motion
Surface contact between the two elements when in motion

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