Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
All of the listed here
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam

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Theory of Machine
Kinematic pairs are those which have

Two elements that permit relative motion
Elements of pairs not held together mechanically
Surface contact between the two elements when in motion
Point or line contact between the two elements when in motion

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