Internal Combustion Engines
A hydraulic ram is a device used to

To lift water from deep wells
Store the energy of water
To lift small quantity of water to a greater height when a large quantity of water is available at a smaller height
Increase the pressure of water

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engines

Exhaust valve opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center
Exhaust valve opens at 35° before bottom dead center and closes at 20° after top dead center
Exhaust valve opens just after bottom dead center and closes just before top dead center
May open and close anywhere

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Internal Combustion Engines
If V₁ is the jet velocity and V₀ is the vehicle velocity, then the propulsive efficiency of a rocket is given by

V₁/(V₀ + V₁)
[2(V₀/V₁)]/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
(V₀/V₁)/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
V₀/(V₀ + V₁)

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle diesel engine, the exhaust valve

Opens at 30° before bottom dead centre and closes at 10° after top dead centre
Opens at bottom dead centre and closes at top dead centre
Opens at 30° after bottom dead centre and closes at 10° before top dead centre
May open and close anywhere

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