Internal Combustion Engines
If V₁ is the jet velocity and V₀ is the vehicle velocity, then the propulsive efficiency of a rocket is given by

V₁/(V₀ + V₁)
[2(V₀/V₁)]/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
(V₀/V₁)/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
V₀/(V₀ + V₁)

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Internal Combustion Engines
Supercharging is the process of

Providing forced cooling air
Supplying the intake of an engine with air at a density greater than the density of the surrounding atmosphere
Supplying compressed air to remove combustion products fully
Injecting excess fuel for raising more loads

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Internal Combustion Engines
The expansion of fuel in a four stroke cycle diesel engine

Starts at 15° before top dead center and ends at 30° after top dead center
Starts at 15° after top dead center and ends at 30° before bottom dead center
Starts at top dead center and ends at 30° after top dead center
May start and end anywhere

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